Dr. L Chetan Reddy, MD — Preventive & Metabolic Health

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Your value%

A single value is read alongside fasting glucose and your history.

What it measures: The proportion of haemoglobin that has glucose bound to it. Because red cells live about 120 days, it averages your glucose over that window rather than catching a single moment.
Why it matters: It is the single most useful number for spotting insulin resistance before it becomes diabetes, and it cannot be gamed by fasting the morning of the test.
Typical adult reference: Below 5.7% — normal · 5.7 to 6.4% — prediabetes · 6.5% or above — diabetes range
When it is retested: Twelve weeks. Testing sooner tells you little, since the average has not had time to move.

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Your valuemg/dL

A diabetes-range value needs confirming on a second occasion.

What it measures: Plasma glucose measured after eight or more hours without food.
Why it matters: Paired with HbA1c it separates people whose glucose rises mainly after meals from those who are already running high at baseline.
Typical adult reference: 70 to 99 mg/dL — normal · 100 to 125 — prediabetes · 126 or above on two occasions — diabetes range
When it is retested: With each panel. Twelve weeks after a change in protocol.

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Your valueµIU/mL

Interpretation depends on the glucose measured with it — a normal glucose held up by a high insulin still matters.

What it measures: Circulating insulin in the fasted state, reported in µIU/mL.
Why it matters: Insulin rises years before glucose does. A normal glucose held up by a high insulin is the earliest stage of the problem, and it is invisible on a routine sugar test.
Typical adult reference: Assay-dependent, commonly 2 to 20 µIU/mL. Interpretation depends on the glucose measured alongside it, not the number alone.
When it is retested: Twelve to twenty-four weeks.

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Fasting glucosemg/dLFasting insulinµIU/mL

Calculated from your fasting glucose and fasting insulin. Thresholds vary by population and assay.

What it measures: A calculation combining fasting glucose and fasting insulin into one index of how resistant tissues have become.
Why it matters: It turns two numbers into a single trend you can follow, which makes it easier to see whether an intervention is working.
Typical adult reference: Values under roughly 2.0 are generally considered favourable, though thresholds vary by population and assay.
When it is retested: Alongside insulin, twelve to twenty-four weeks.

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WaistcmHeightcm

Measure at the midpoint between the lowest rib and the top of the hip bone, at the end of a normal breath out.

What it measures: Waist circumference divided by height — no equipment beyond a tape measure.
Why it matters: It flags central adiposity in people whose BMI reads normal, which matters especially in South Asian populations where metabolic risk appears at lower body weight.
Typical adult reference: Below 0.5 is the widely used target across adult heights and both sexes.
When it is retested: Every visit. It moves before the blood work does.

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Your valuemg/dL

Targets tighten considerably where cardiovascular risk is already established.

What it measures: One molecule of apolipoprotein B sits on every LDL, VLDL and Lp(a) particle, so measuring it counts the particles that can lodge in an artery wall.
Why it matters: Two people with identical LDL cholesterol can carry very different particle counts. ApoB resolves that, and tracks risk more closely than LDL-C where the two disagree.
Typical adult reference: Below about 90 mg/dL is a common general target; below 80 or lower where risk is already established.
When it is retested: Twelve weeks after any lipid intervention.

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Your valuemg/dL

Target depends on your overall risk, not on this number alone.

What it measures: The cholesterol content of low-density lipoprotein, usually calculated rather than measured directly.
Why it matters: The most established modifiable driver of atherosclerosis, and the marker most guidelines are still written around.
Typical adult reference: Below 100 mg/dL is generally considered optimal; targets fall substantially where cardiovascular risk is higher.
When it is retested: Twelve weeks.

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Your valuemg/dL

Check whether your report is in mg/dL or nmol/L — they are not interchangeable.

What it measures: A lipoprotein particle whose concentration is set mostly by genetics and stays broadly stable through life.
Why it matters: It is an independent risk factor that lifestyle barely shifts. Knowing it changes how aggressively everything else is treated — which is why it is worth measuring once.
Typical adult reference: Below roughly 50 mg/dL, or about 125 nmol/L, is commonly used as the threshold. Units differ between labs, so check which one your report uses.
When it is retested: Once in a lifetime is usually enough, unless there is a specific reason to repeat it.

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Your valuemg/dL

Must be drawn fasting. Alcohol in the preceding days will raise it.

What it measures: The main storage form of fat in blood, measured fasting.
Why it matters: It responds quickly to refined carbohydrate, alcohol and insulin resistance, which makes it one of the fastest-moving markers of whether a dietary change has landed.
Typical adult reference: Below 150 mg/dL — desirable · 150 to 199 — borderline · 200 or above — high
When it is retested: Six to twelve weeks. It moves faster than most.

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Your valuemg/dLReference

Read together with triglycerides rather than on its own.

What it measures: Cholesterol carried by high-density lipoprotein, involved in transporting it back out of tissues.
Why it matters: Useful in context and alongside triglycerides. Raising it with drugs has not reduced events, so it is read as a marker rather than a target in itself.
Typical adult reference: Above 40 mg/dL in men and above 50 mg/dL in women is the usual reference.
When it is retested: With each lipid panel.

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Your valuemg/L

Invalid during or shortly after any infection, injury or flare.

What it measures: C-reactive protein measured with a high-sensitivity assay, sensitive enough to detect the low levels relevant to vascular risk.
Why it matters: Chronic low-grade inflammation compounds metabolic and cardiovascular risk. It also flags when something else is going on that the rest of the panel does not explain.
Typical adult reference: Below 1 mg/L — lower risk · 1 to 3 — average · above 3 — higher risk. Any recent infection or injury invalidates the reading.
When it is retested: Twelve weeks, and never during an acute illness.

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Your valueµmol/L

A raised value often points back to B12, folate or B6 rather than being the problem itself.

What it measures: An amino acid cleared using vitamin B12, folate and vitamin B6.
Why it matters: A raised value often points back to a B-vitamin gap rather than being the problem itself, which makes it a useful pointer when B12 sits in the borderline zone.
Typical adult reference: Below 15 µmol/L is the conventional reference; many clinicians prefer to see it under 10.
When it is retested: Twelve weeks after starting repletion.

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Your valuemIU/L

Reference shifts in pregnancy and with age. Read with free T4.

What it measures: Thyroid-stimulating hormone — the signal sent to the thyroid, which rises when the gland is underperforming.
Why it matters: Thyroid dysfunction mimics a great deal of what people attribute to metabolism, weight or mood, and it is cheap to rule in or out.
Typical adult reference: Roughly 0.4 to 4.0 mIU/L, though the upper limit is debated and shifts in pregnancy and with age.
When it is retested: Six to eight weeks after any dose change, otherwise annually.

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Your valueng/dL

Assay-dependent — use the range printed on your own report where it differs.

What it measures: The fraction of thyroxine not bound to carrier proteins.
Why it matters: Read with TSH, it distinguishes a thyroid that is struggling from a pituitary signalling problem — two situations that need very different responses.
Typical adult reference: Approximately 0.8 to 1.8 ng/dL, assay-dependent.
When it is retested: With TSH.

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Your valueng/dL

Adult male reference, morning draw. A single low result should be confirmed on a second sample.

What it measures: Total testosterone, drawn in the morning when levels peak.
Why it matters: Low testosterone and metabolic dysfunction drive each other in both directions, so it belongs in a metabolic work-up in men rather than being treated as a separate issue.
Typical adult reference: Roughly 300 to 1000 ng/dL in adult men. A single low morning result should always be confirmed on a second sample.
When it is retested: Confirm before acting; then as clinically indicated.

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Your valueµg/dL

For an 8–9 am draw only. Timing changes the result more than almost any other test.

What it measures: Serum cortisol drawn between 8 and 9 in the morning, when the daily rhythm is at its highest.
Why it matters: Sustained stress and disrupted sleep push glucose and central fat up through this axis, which is why sleep is treated as part of the metabolic protocol rather than an afterthought.
Typical adult reference: Approximately 6 to 23 µg/dL for a morning draw, assay-dependent. Timing matters more than almost any other test.
When it is retested: Only where the history points to it.

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Your valueng/mL

25-hydroxyvitamin D. Repletion is usually rechecked at twelve weeks.

What it measures: 25-hydroxyvitamin D, the circulating storage form that reflects intake and sun exposure over recent months.
Why it matters: Deficiency is common across India despite the sunlight, largely from indoor work and covering. It interacts with bone, muscle and immune function.
Typical adult reference: Below 20 ng/mL — deficient · 20 to 29 — insufficient · 30 to 100 — sufficient
When it is retested: Twelve weeks after starting repletion, then annually.

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Your valuepg/mL

In the borderline band, homocysteine helps decide whether it is genuinely low.

What it measures: Serum B12, best interpreted with homocysteine where the result is borderline.
Why it matters: Predominantly vegetarian diets and long-term metformin both deplete it. Deficiency presents as fatigue, tingling or fog long before anaemia appears — and the neurological damage is not always reversible if it is left.
Typical adult reference: Below 200 pg/mL — deficient · 200 to 300 — borderline, check homocysteine · above 300 — usually adequate
When it is retested: Twelve weeks after starting repletion.

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Your valueng/mLReference

Rises with inflammation, so a normal value alongside a raised hs-CRP can still hide low iron.

What it measures: The storage protein for iron, which also rises as an acute-phase reactant during inflammation.
Why it matters: It is the earliest marker of iron depletion, and one of the most commonly missed causes of fatigue in menstruating women.
Typical adult reference: Roughly 30 to 300 ng/mL in men and 15 to 200 in women. Below 30 suggests depleted stores even where haemoglobin is still normal.
When it is retested: Twelve weeks after starting repletion, with hs-CRP to check inflammation is not inflating it.

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Your valueU/LReference

Healthy thresholds are argued to be lower than conventional lab limits.

What it measures: An enzyme released when liver cells are under stress.
Why it matters: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is largely silent, and a mildly raised ALT in someone with central adiposity is frequently the only clue before imaging.
Typical adult reference: Conventional upper limits sit near 33 U/L in women and 40 in men, though healthy thresholds are argued to be lower.
When it is retested: Twelve to twenty-four weeks.

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Your valuemL/min/1.73m²

A reduced value must persist beyond three months before it means chronic kidney disease.

What it measures: Estimated glomerular filtration rate, calculated from creatinine with age and sex.
Why it matters: It sets the safety boundary for several medications and supplements, and it declines silently in long-standing diabetes and hypertension.
Typical adult reference: 90 or above — normal · 60 to 89 — mildly reduced · below 60 sustained beyond three months — chronic kidney disease
When it is retested: Annually, or more often where diabetes or hypertension is established.

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Your valuemg/dLReference

Tracks with insulin resistance, fructose intake and alcohol.

What it measures: The end product of purine metabolism, cleared largely by the kidneys.
Why it matters: It tracks with insulin resistance, fructose intake and alcohol, and rising levels can precede gout by years.
Typical adult reference: Roughly 3.4 to 7.0 mg/dL in men and 2.4 to 6.0 in women.
When it is retested: Twelve to twenty-four weeks.

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